Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences: Research Areas

Article Title: Optimising Rooftop Pv Deployment Through Energy Efficiency Retrofits: Evidence From Institutional Buildings In Uganda, Zambia, And Nigeria
by Ipinmoroti Samuel Adejoro, Bakare Ekundayo Solomon, Nweke Gospel Ndudirim Braimah Prince Osumani, Okosun Senator Endurance

Abstract:
Electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa remains highly constrained, with grid instability and widespread reliance on diesel generators undermining both energy security and sustainability. As of 2023, nearly 600 million people still lack reliable electricity, while many grid-connected users experience frequent blackouts. In Nigeria, for instance, the national grid has collapsed over 140 times since 2013, forcing more than 80 million people to depend on expensive diesel power. Against this backdrop, decentralised rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems offer opportunities for resilience, autonomy, and emissions reduction. Yet, when deployed in isolation, PV often results in oversized and less cost-effective systems if underlying building efficiency remains poor. This study examines the integration of PV with energy efficiency (EE) retrofits in institutional buildings across Uganda, Zambia, and Nigeria. Using DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus simulations, combined with techno-economic analysis and policy review, we assess energy savings, financial returns, and policy enablers. Results show that EE interventions reduced demand by 35�47%, enabling smaller, optimally sized PV systems with positive net present values and payback periods under ten years. Case studies demonstrated potential for net-zero or even surplus generation under supportive regulatory frameworks. Despite proven feasibility, adoption is slowed by policy and financing barriers. The study recommends adaptive business models�third-party solar services, energy service companies, and hybrid financing�to accelerate decentralised energy transitions across the region.

Keywords: Building Simulation, Business Model, Distributed Generation, Energy Efficiency, Net-Zero

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