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Abstract:
The study investigated the nature of the pre-capitalist Bukusu society in Kimilili, Kenya and the role of labour in the economy, using the dependency theory. The theory states that the underdevelopment of the Third World was due to the historical evolution of a highly unequal international capitalist system. Contact between the developed and underdeveloped countries leads to intensification of underdevelopment in the peripheries. The issue of labour is presently a central theme in Kenyan history. However, the study on labour dynamics in Kenya's pre-colonial societies has been one of the most neglected areas. Labour dynamics in the pre-colonial Bukusu society in Kimilili has not been properly studied with earlier works focusing on labour on European farms and towns. Early studies are also generalised hence the need to present a systematic analysis (document) of the social, economic and political processes as pertains to pre-colonial labour in Kimilili. The study was based on archival research, oral interviews as well as analysing the existing literature on socio-economic history in general and labour history in particular. The study examined how the Babukusu provided for their livelihood by harnessing the natural endowments of their environment. It surveyed the main economic activities, stressing the economic options open to them. This involved a closer examination of the various practices of production among the Babukusu in the period 1895-1963. Further, it examined land tenure system, forms of pre-colonial labour, labour organization and economic practices among the Babukusu. It was further revealed that the Babukusu were a dynamic community with their pre-colonial economic structures adapting to changes in the environment. In addition to subsistence needs, the Babukusu economy encouraged the development of surplus disposal. The study contributes to a wider understanding of labour dynamics in pre colonial Africa and labour history in Kenya. Policy planners can apply knowledge from this study to inject dynamism in labour issues by designing favourable policies. Scholars, on the other hand can use this study to further research, innovate and expand the frontiers of knowledge on pre colonial economies in Africa.

Keywords: Kenya, pre-capitalist bukusu society, role, labour, economy.

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